This may put them at a higher risk of developing an alcohol use disorder (AUD). Researchers currently are trying to determine whether alcoholics with abnormal serotonin metabolite levels have specific variations in the gene that codes for the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase, which produces serotonin from other molecules in the cells. Several variants of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene exist; one variant appears to be particularly common in alcoholics with histories of aggression and suicidal tendencies (Virkkunen et al. 1995). Regular drinking can lead to depression, and depressed people are also more likely to drink too much. If you have more serious alcohol dependence, you might need help to stop drinking safely. Alcohol support services should assess you to work out whether you can stop drinking at home, or whether you should come into a specialist alcohol treatment centre.
Consequently, an alcohol-induced increase in 5-HT3 receptor activity would enhance dopamine release in these brain regions, thereby contributing to alcohol’s rewarding effects. These findings may help explain the antagonists’ ability to reduce drinking behavior. By studying knockout mice that lack a particular receptor, researchers can assess that receptor’s role in specific aspects of brain functioning and behavior, including responses to alcohol and alcohol consummatory behavior. For example, scientists have studied a strain of knockout mice lacking the 5-HT1B receptor with respect to the effects of acute alcohol exposure (Crabbe et al. 1996).
Second messengers also can act on ion channels or travel to the nucleus to alter gene expression. Other serotonin-activated receptors (i.e., the 5-HT3 receptors) double as ion channels. Variations in this gene might put people at risk of both alcohol misuse and depression.
Sleep deprivation is a significant contributor to both anxiety and depression, which often leads people to wonder, “Does alcohol cause depression and anxiety? The lack of restful sleep, combined with alcohol’s depressive effects on the brain, contributes to feelings of sadness, irritability, and fatigue. Alcohol has widespread effects on the body, many of which contribute to deteriorating mental health. Its impact on the liver, heart, immune system, and sleep does drinking make your depression worse cycles can exacerbate depression and alcohol addiction.
With respect to other medications used to treat bipolar disorder, no controlled studies to date have evaluated the use of olanzapine in patients with bipolar-SUD comorbidity. In one reported case involving three patients, olanzapine reduced substance abuse, cravings, and anxiety (Sattar et al., 2003). In a recently conducted open-label trial, lamotrigine treatment brought improvement in bipolar symptoms and decreased cocaine craving, but did not have a significant effect on drug abuse (Brown et al., 2003). Although the pharmacotherapeutic treatment of comorbid bipolar disorder and SUDs clearly needs further elucidation, research has opened a number of promising avenues for development.